Reasoning By Analogy

A comparison becomes reasoning by analogy when it's part of an argument: One on side of the comparison, a conclusion is drawn, so on the other side, the conclusion's the same. Reasoning is a cognitive process of looking for reasons, beliefs, conclusions, actions, or feelings.

An example would be the legal age to drink and enlisting in the army. If we're old enough to enlist and risk our lives for our country, then we should be old enough to drink.

Sign Reasoning

An argument by sign asserts that two or more things are so closely related that the presence or absence of one indicates the presence or absence of the other.

An example would be the

Causal Reasoning

When events of one situation is systematically related to the events of another situation. The first set of events is what causes the second set.

An example would be individuals of Middle Eastern and South Asian descents being targeted by hate groups after 9/11.

Criteria Reasoning

Criteria which appeal to common values are likely to be easily accepted.

An example would be "Since your mom dresses well, maybe she'll think this purse would go great with her outfit."

Exemplar Reasoning

Exemplar reasoning is the use of examples in argument. The example may be told as a story or may be a short comparator. It may be a duplicate of the situation or may be a relatively distant metaphor. It may be of a known person, known situation or something not directly known to the other person.

Inductive Reasoning

It's a kind of reasoning that draws generalized conclusions from a finite collection of specific observations.

An example would be every dog I've come across barks. Therefore, all dogs bark.

Deductive Reasoning

Reasoning in an argument is valid if the argument's conclusion must be true when the premises (the reasons given to support that conclusion) are true. One classic example of deductive reasoning is that found in syllogisms. 
An example would be baseball players are hot. Tim Lincecum is a baseball player. Therefore, he is hot.